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Glossary

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Satellite: Measuring station intentionally placed in orbit around the earth, often used as a remote sensing platform. A constellation of satellites also forms the basis of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS).

Sensor: Device, module, machine, or subsystem that detects events or changes in its environment and sends this information as a signal to other electronics.

Seismic profile: A graphical representation of the subsurface, obtained by recording and interpreting reflected seismic or acoustic waves. The profile shows the depth layers and structure of different sediments and rocks.

Shadow mark: Variations in shadow effects caused by differences in elevation on the Earth’s surface. During the winter months, particularly in the early morning or late afternoon, when the sunlight is low, these conditions create a subtle highlighting of the terrain.

Side Scan Sonar: Sonar sensor technique that uses sound waves to produce images of the seafloor. By emitting sound waves sideways from a vessel or ROV, it creates detailed images of underwater structures, objects, and sediment patterns.

Signal: A measurable quantity, such as electromagnetic radiation, sound waves, or electrical impulses, that is received by a sensor.

Soil mark: Discoloration or change in the composition of the soil resulting from past human activities or natural processes.

Sonar (Sound navigation and ranging): Technique that uses sound waves underwater to measure distances or detect objects on or under the surface of the water. Examples of these are: Multibeam Echo Sounder (MBES), Side Scan Sonar (SSS), or Sub-Bottom Profiler (SBP).

Spectral mark: Visible difference in spectral appearance in e.g. multispectral or thermal infrared data, possibly relating to the presence of buried archaeological features. See also anomaly.

Structure-from-Motion: Specific photogrammetric technique in which images taken by a moving camera are used to digitally reconstruct the three-dimensional shape of an object.

Sub-Bottom Profiler (SBP): Sonar sensor technique that emits seismic sound waves to map underlying sediment layers and structures beneath the floor of water bodies.